KABUL—When the Taliban seized Kabul in August, Samima dug a hole in her courtyard and buried her Afghan Air Force uniform. The Taliban discovered her past anyway, and gave her a call days later.

In a panic, she switched off her phone, got rid of her SIM card and fled her house. She says Taliban gunmen have since showed up at her parents’ home, asking for people who served in the armed forces. She now is living in hiding, desperately hoping for a way out of Afghanistan.